SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY (Croswell Book)
10. Methodological memos: (How you collect data?)
These memos contemplate changes in your research design or approach to data collection:
- Phenomenological Study: Describes the meaning of experiences of a phenomenon (or topic or concept) for several individuals. Reducing the experiences to a central meaning or the essence of the experience (Moustakas, 1994).
- The phenomenon: It is the concept being experienced by subjects in a study, which may include psychological concepts such as Grief, Anger, or Love.
- Grounded Theory:
o This research is the process of developing a theory, not testing a theory! The researcher might begin with a tentative theory they want to modify or no theory at all with the intent of “grounding” the study in views of participants. … the process is one of generating or discovering a theory grounded in views from participants in the field.
o Grounded Theory Study (Theoretical Theory): The research generates an abstract analytical schema(개요, 도표, 설계) of a phenomenon, a theory that explains some action, interaction, or process. This is accomplished primarily through collecting interview data, making multiple visits to the field (theoretical sampling), attempting to develop and interrelate categories (constant comparison) of information, and writing a substantive or context-specific theory.
o Open Coding: This is the first step in the data analysis process for a grounded theorist. It involves taking data (e.g., interview transcriptions) and segmenting them into categories of information. Recommendation: Starting from a small number of categories & Slowly reducing the number from (30-5 or 6) that become major themes in a study.
o In vivo codes: “In Grounded Theory” the investigator uses the exact words of the interviewee to form the names for these codes or categories. The names are “catchy” and immediately draw the attention of the reader.
o Memoing: This is the process in “Grounded Theory Research” of the researcher writing down ideas about the evolving theory. The writing could be in the form of preliminary propositions (hypotheses), ideas about emerging categories, or some aspects of the connection of categories as in axial coding. These are written records of analysis that help with the formulation of theory.
o Axial Coding (= The overall process is related with one of categories of information, “the Central phenomenon category”.)
• The researcher takes the categories of open coding, identifies one as a central phenomenon, and then returns to the database to identify: 1) what cased this phenomenon to occur, 2) what strategies or actions actors employed in response to it, 3) what context (specific context) and intervening conditions (broad context) influenced the strategies, and 4) what consequences resulted from these strategies.
• Causal Conditions: Identify in my debate that cause or influence the central phenomenon to occur.
• Coding paradigm or logic diagram: “In Axial Coding”, the central phenomenon, causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences are portrayed in a visual diagram. It is helpful to view this diagram as more than “Axial Coding”. It is the theoretical model developed in a grounded theory study.
• Consequences: “In Axial Coding”, there are the outcomes of strategies taken by participants in the study. These outcomes may be positive, negative, or neutral.
• Ontext: “In Axial Coding”, this is the particular set of conditions within which the strategies occur.
• Intervening Conditions: “In Axial Coding”, these are the broader conditions- it would be broader than the context- within which the strategies occur. They might be social, economic, and political forces that influence the strategies in response to the central phenomenon.
• Propositions (=Hypotheses, typically written in a directional form, that relate categories in a study). Suggest why a certain cause influences the central phenomenon that influences the use of a specific strategy.
• Strategies: “In Axial Coding”, there are the specific actions or interactions that occur as a result of the central phenomenon.
o Category
• It is composed of events, happenings, and instances of phenomenon.
• The researcher analyzes grounded theory data, their analysis leads, initially, to the information of a number of categories during the process called “Open Coding”. Then in “Axial Coding”, the analyst interrelates the categories and forms a visual model.
o Central Phenomenon
• “In Open Coding”: the researcher chooses a central category around which to develop the theory by examining his or her open coding categories and selecting one that holds the most conceptual interest, is most frequently discussed by participants in the study- is most “saturated” with information.
o Dimensionalized:
• “The researcher takes the properties and places them on a continuum or dimensionalizes them to see the extreme possibilities for the property and it appears in the “Open Coding” analysis.
o Central Constructive Grounded Theory: The constructivist approach incorporates the researcher’s views; uncovers experiences with embedded, hidden networks, situations, and relationships; and make visible hierarchies of power, communication, and opportunity
o Discriminant Sampling: This is a form of sampling that occurs late in a grounded theory project after the researcher has developed a model. The question becomes, “How would the model hold if I gathered more information from people similar to those I initially interviewed? Thus, to verify the model, the researcher chooses sites, persons, and documents that “will maximize opportunities for verifying the story line, relationships between categories, and for filling in poorly developed categories.
11. Theoretical memos (e.g. Learning theory…)
o Grounded Theory Study (Theoretical Theory): The research generates an abstract analytical schema(개요, 도표, 설계) of a phenomenon, a theory that explains some action, interaction, or process. This is accomplished primarily through collecting interview data, making multiple visits to the field (theoretical sampling), attempting to develop and interrelate categories (constant comparison) of information, and writing a substantive or context-specific theory.
12. Analytic memos (Relate to emerging data from research participants garnered from interviews, focus groups, observation, analysis and other forms of data collection)
- Phenomenological data analysis (Research Steps)- pp. 235-236
o Essential, invariant structure (or essence): The goal of the phenomenologist- to reduce the textural (what) and structural (how) meanings of experiences to a brief description that typifies the experiences of all of the participants in a study. It is invariant and a reduction to the “essentials” of the experiences (Moustakas, 1994).
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o Structural description: The researcher writes a description of “How” the phenomenon was experienced by individuals in the study (Moustakas, 1994).
o Textual description: The researchers writes about “What” was experienced, a description of the meaning individuals have experienced (Moustakas, 1994).
o Step #1: Epoche or bracketing(시기, 시대, 시간 분할 (8:30-9:00) (Phenomenological Reduction): The process of data analysis in which the researcher sets aside, as far as is humanly possible, all preconceived experiences (미리생각, 예상한 경험) to best understand the experiences of participants in the study (Moustaks, 1994).
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o Step #2: Horizonalization (the second step in the phenomenological data analysis): The researcher lists every significant statement relevant to the topic and gives it equal value (van Manen, 1990).
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o Step #3: Clusters of meanings: The researcher clusters the statements into themes or meaning units, removing overlapping and repetitive statement (Moustakas, 1994).
- Phenomenological data analysis (Moustakas):
o The researcher bringing personal experiences into the study
o The recording of significant statement and meanings
o The development of descriptions to arrive at the essences of the experiences
- Transcendental phenomenology: The researcher sets aside prejudgments regarding the phenomenon being investigated. Relying on intuition, imagination, and universal structures to obtain a picture of the experience and uses systematic methods of analysis as advanced by Moustakas.
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